HR 1 · One Big Beautiful Bill Act

Legislation· Jul 2025

HR 1 Signed into law

One Big Beautiful Bill Act

Makes permanent middle-class tax cuts, cuts benefits and work requirements, funds border security and defense with $5 trillion debt increase.

Tradeoff

Extends 2017 tax cuts for individuals and businesses through 2035, costing $4.5 trillion in lost revenue. Reduces direct spending by $1.1 trillion through cuts, stricter rules, and eliminating clean-energy tax credits.

What's in it

See official bill text

Increases the unified budget deficit by $3.4 trillion over 2025-2034.

Measured against · — the budget's path if Congress passes nothing new

This both cuts revenues (taxes) by $4.5 trillion and reduces direct spending by $1.1 trillion over ten years, with the net effect being a $3.4 trillion increase in federal deficits—meaning the revenue losses exceed the spending reductions.

Estimated Budgetary Effects of Public Law 119-21, to Provide for Reconciliation Pursuant to Title II of H. Con. Res. 14, Relative to CBO’s January 2025 Baseline · Jul 2025

58.8% of all taxpayers see a tax decrease greater than $500; 27.5% see a tax change of less than $100; 5.5% see a tax increase.

Share of returns with a tax decrease greater than $500

less than $15k2.2%
$15k–$30k17.9%
$30k–$40k38.7%
$40k–$50k51.7%
$50k–$60k61.1%
$60k–$80k67.8%
$80k–$100k73.1%
$100k–$150k84.6%
$150k–$200k90.7%
$200k–$500k93.5%
$500k–$1M92.8%
$1M and above72.2%

51.7% of returns earning $40k–$50k see a tax decrease greater than $500; 90.7% of returns earning $150k–$200k do; only 2.2% of returns under $15k do. Across all taxpayers, 58.8% receive a tax decrease greater than $500.

Who benefits

Taxpayers earning $40,000 to $50,000 see 51.7% with a tax decrease greater than $500; those earning $150,000 to $200,000 see 90.7% with such a decrease; those under $15,000 see only 2.2%.

Who pays

Taxpayers earning $1 million and above face the highest share of tax increases, with 25.9% experiencing an increase greater than $500, compared to 3.6% across all taxpayers.

Distribution Of Returns' Estimated Tax Change From The Tax Provisions To Provide For Reconciliation Of The Fiscal Year 2025 Budget As Passed By The House Of Representatives On May 22, 2025 · Aug 2025

The House passed this 215-214 on May 22, 2025. The Senate agreed to proceed 51-49 on June 28. After rejecting multiple amendment motions on June 30, the Senate passed it 50-50 on July 1, 2025 (a tie broken by the Vice President under reconciliation rules). The House passed the amended version 218-214 on July 3, 2025.

House
Introduced
(May 20, 2025)
House
On
One Big Beautiful Act
Failed(Roll #144 · May 22, 2025)
212 yeanay 216
House
Passage of the bill
One Big Beautiful Act
Passed(Roll #145 · May 22, 2025)
215 yeanay 214
Senate
Received from the House
Received(Jun 27, 2025)
Senate
On the
Motion to Proceed to H.R. 1
Motion to Proceed Agreed to(Roll #329 · Jun 28, 2025)
51 yeanay 49
Senate
On the Motion
Schumer Motion to Commit H.R. 1 to the Committee on Finance with Instructions
Motion Rejected(Roll #332 · Jun 30, 2025)
47 yeanay 53
Senate
On the Motion
Motion to Commit H.R. 1 to the Committee on Finance with Instructions
Motion Rejected(Roll #333 · Jun 30, 2025)
49 yeanay 51
Senate
On the Motion
Motion to Waive Section 425(a)(2) of the CBA re: H.R. 1
Motion Agreed to(Roll #334 · Jun 30, 2025)
51 yeanay 48
Senate
On the Motion
Wyden Motion to Commit H.R. 1 to the Committee on Finance with Instructions
Motion Rejected(Roll #335 · Jun 30, 2025)
47 yeanay 53
Senate
On the Motion
Motion to Commit H.R. 1 to the Committee on Finance with Instructions
Motion Rejected(Roll #336 · Jun 30, 2025)
48 yeanay 52
Senate
On the Motion
Lujan Motion to Commit H.R. 1 to the Committee on Finance with Instructions
Motion Rejected(Roll #337 · Jun 30, 2025)
49 yeanay 51
Senate
On the Motion
Reed Motion to Commit H.R. 1 to the Committee on Finance with Instructions
Motion Rejected(Roll #338 · Jun 30, 2025)
48 yeanay 52
Senate
On the Motion
Blunt Rochester Motion to Commit H.R. 1 to the Committee on Finance with Instructions
Motion Rejected(Roll #340 · Jun 30, 2025)
48 yeanay 52
Senate
On the Motion
Kaine Motion to Commit H.R. 1 to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs with Instructions
Motion Rejected(Roll #346 · Jun 30, 2025)
47 yeanay 53
Senate
On the Motion
Blumenthal Motion to Commit H.R. 1 to the Committee on Armed Services with Instructions
Motion Rejected(Roll #347 · Jun 30, 2025)
47 yeanay 53
Senate
On the Motion
Gallego Motion to Commit H.R. 1 to the Committee on Finance with Instructions
Motion Rejected(Roll #348 · Jun 30, 2025)
47 yeanay 53
Senate
On the Motion
Hassan Motion to Commit H.R. 1 to the Committee on Finance with Instructions
Motion Rejected(Roll #349 · Jun 30, 2025)
48 yeanay 52
Senate
On the Motion
Duckworth Motion to Commit H.R. 1 to the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry with Instructions
Motion Rejected(Roll #350 · Jun 30, 2025)
49 yeanay 51
Senate
On the Motion
Schiff Motion to Commit H.R. 1 to the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry with Instructions
Motion Rejected(Roll #351 · Jun 30, 2025)
47 yeanay 53
Senate
On the Motion
Padilla Motion to Commit H.R. 1 to the Committee on Finance with Instructions
Motion Rejected(Roll #353 · Jun 30, 2025)
47 yeanay 53
Senate · Amended
Senator Graham's
Agreed to(S.Amdt. 2360 · Jul 1, 2025 · 51-50)
Senate
On the Motion
Bennet Motion to Commit H.R. 1 to the Committee on Finance with Instructions
Motion Rejected(Roll #354 · Jul 1, 2025)
47 yeanay 53
Senate
On the Motion
Wyden Motion to Commit H.R. 1 to the Committee on Finance with Instructions
Motion Rejected(Roll #357 · Jul 1, 2025)
47 yeanay 53
Senate
On the Motion
Warnock Motion to Commit H.R. 1 to the Committee on Finance with Instructions
Motion Rejected(Roll #359 · Jul 1, 2025)
48 yeanay 51
Senate
Passage of the bill
H.R. 1, as Amended
Bill Passed(Roll #372 · Jul 1, 2025)
50 yeanay 50
House
On
Passed(Roll #190 · Jul 3, 2025)
218 yeanay 214
House
Sent to the President
(Jul 3, 2025)
White House · Signature
Signed
Donald Trump (R)
Enacted
Became law(Jul 4, 2025)

Final passage· 119th Congress · 2025–2027